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- NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
- being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
- The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
- prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
- See United States v. Detroit Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
-
- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
-
- Syllabus
-
- SHANNON v. UNITED STATES
- certiorari to the united states court of appeals for
- the fifth circuit
- No. 92-8346. Argued March 22, 1994-Decided June 24, 1994
-
- In the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 (IDRA or Act), Congress
- made insanity an affirmative defense, created a special verdict of
- ``not guilty only by reason of insanity'' (NGI), and established a
- comprehensive civil commitment procedure. At his trial on a
- federal criminal charge, petitioner Shannon raised the insanity
- defense and asked the District Court to instruct the jury that an
- NGI verdict would result in his involuntary commitment. The
- court refused, and the jury returned a guilty verdict. In affirming,
- the Court of Appeals noted that, under its pre-IDRA precedent,
- juries were not to be instructed concerning the consequences of an
- insanity acquittal. Because there was no directive in the IDRA to
- the contrary, the court ``adhere[d] to the established axiom that it
- is inappropriate for a jury to consider or be informed about the
- consequences of its verdict.''
- Held: A federal district court is not required to instruct the jury
- regarding the consequences to the defendant of an NGI verdict.
- Pp. 5-15.
- (a) The principle that juries are not to consider the consequenc-
- es of their verdicts is a reflection of the basic division of labor
- between the judge as sentencer and the jury as trier of fact.
- Providing jurors sentencing information invites them to ponder
- matters that are not within their province, distracts them from
- their responsibilities, and creates a strong possibility of confusion.
- Pp. 5-6.
- (b) The IDRA does not require courts to depart from the forego-
- ing principle. The text of the Act gives no indication that jurors
- are to be instructed regarding the consequences of an NGI verdict.
- The Court rejects Shannon's contention that Congress, by modeling
- the IDRA on D. C. Code Ann. 24-301, impliedly adopted a D. C.
- Circuit decision that endorsed the practice of giving the instruction
- in question in the context of 24-301. Because Congress departed
- from the scheme embodied in 24-301 in several significant ways
- when it passed the IDRA, the canon of construction urged by
- Shannon-that adoption of the wording of a statute from another
- legislative jurisdiction carries with it the jurisdiction's judicial
- interpretations of that wording-is not applicable. The single
- passage in the legislative history endorsing the giving of the
- instruction in question is in no way anchored in the IDRA's text
- and is not entitled to authoritative weight. Pp. 6-10.
- (c) The instruction in question is not required as a matter of
- general federal criminal practice. Even if Shannon is correct that
- some jurors may harbor the mistaken belief that defendants found
- NGI will be released into society immediately, it must be assumed
- that his jury followed its instructions to apply the law regardless
- of the consequences and not to consider or discuss punishment.
- See Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U. S. 200, 206. Also unpersuasive
- is Shannon's contention that the instruction would allay the fears
- of such misinformed jurors. Indeed, because the only mandatory
- period of confinement under the IDRA is a maximum of 40 days
- between an NGI verdict and a required commitment hearing, an
- instruction of the type at issue might incline jurors to convict in
- order to eliminate the possibility that a dangerous defendant could
- be released after 40 days or less. In any event, the instruction
- would draw the jury's attention to the very thing-the possible
- consequences of its verdict-that it should ignore. Moreover,
- Shannon offers no principled way to limit the availability of such
- instructions to cases involving NGI verdicts, as opposed to the
- many other aspects of the criminal sentencing process with which
- jurors may be unfamiliar. Given the comprehensive nature of
- Congress' review of the insanity defense during the enactment of
- the IDRA, the Court will not invoke its supervisory powers to
- require an instruction that Congress chose not to mandate.
- Pp. 11-14.
- (d) This decision should not be misunderstood as an absolute
- prohibition on instructing the jury with regard to the consequences
- of an NGI verdict. An instruction of some form may be necessary
- under certain limited circumstances to remedy a misstatement or
- error. That is not the case here, however, for there is no indica-
- tion that any improper statement was made in the presence of the
- jury during Shannon's trial. Pp. 14-15.
- 981 F. 2d 759, affirmed.
- Thomas, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Rehn-
- quist, C. J., and O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, and Gins-
- burg, JJ., joined. Stevens, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which
- Blackmun, J., joined.
-